The critique of positivism is fundamentally epistemological. Each side makes compelling arguments showing the strength of their position.
This essay will critically analyse the notion that there is a fundamental difference between the tasks of ‘explaining’ (comprehending ‘causes’) and ‘understanding’ (comprehending ‘reasons’). First, the essay will examine the emergence of the sharp division, which has come to be accepted as existent between ‘explaining’ (which is advocated by positivists) and ‘understanding’ (which is advocated by post-positivists). Second, one important consequence of the division will be demonstrated by showing how the intellectual battles between positivists and post-positivists, as well as the occasional attempts at reconciliation between them, have been instrumental in positivism’s dominance. Finally, the work of Milja Kurki will be drawn upon to argue that the concept of causation should be broadened, thereby exposing the interrelated nature of ‘explaining’ and ‘understanding’ without reducing one to the other. This will allow for positivism’s dominance to be effectively challenged.
Muslims are facing discrimination on the sole basis of their faith. Whilst racial, cultural, political, social and economic factors undoubtedly play a role, it is undeniable that religion is equal a factor. Islamophobia as a term then has its problems and therefore requires modification, it is, however, well intentioned and describes a very real phenomenon.
“When I entered the service,” wrote Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, “there was no such thing at all.” Within the six centuries of the French diplomatic system diplomacy evolved from its ad-hoc, temporary status in political society into foreign services that practiced within a distinct profession.
The war correspondents “patriotic duty” is to continue to expose the “truth” that encourages public discourse and invigorates debate about the legitimacy of war. If the first casualty of war is truth, it is the role of the war correspondent to find it and bring it back to life.
Switzerland and Singapore are case studies to show that in specific situations military conscription can increase social cohesion and help the nation-building process.
While global energy governance is fragmented, the international community is striving for more cooperation with emerging consumer economies and producing economies.
Contrary to alarmist claims of a crisis of democracy, the ‘authoritarian wave’ is more likely to affect hybrid regimes over consolidated democracies.
Egypt has one of the most comprehensive welfare systems in Africa and the Middle East but has proved unable to alleviate poverty or improve social justice in the country.
Some of the merits of treating extreme poverty as a human rights violation empower the poor, assign accountability. and ensure non-discrimination.
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