Mariano P. Barbato is a Heisenberg Fellow of the German Research Foundation at the Center for Religion and Modernity of the University of Munster where the research for this article has been conducted (Funding: DFG, Legions of the Pope, 288978882, 279457449). His home affiliation is at the University of Passau where he is Associate Professor for Political Science. He has widely published on religion in international relations and the Holy See. His most recent includes: Mariano P. Barbato/Robert J. Joustra/Dennis R. Hoover (eds.), Modern Papal Diplomacy and Social Teaching in World Affairs, London: Routledge 2019