The British and the Kyakhta Accords
For the Russians, the Agreement did not come into conflict with the status of Outer Mongolia defined with the Chinese in 1913, because Urga was autonomous in terms of internal administration and commercial and industrial matters.
Mongolian Independence and the British: The Parallel Negotiation
In 1914, the British and Tibetans signed the Simla Convention recognizing Chinese suzerainty over Outer Tibet, but also the full autonomy for internal matters of the Tibetan government. The Chinese refused to sign the Convention.
Mongolian Independence and the British: The Chinese Backdown
The Sino-Russian Agreement of 1913 was to become the model for an Anglo-Chinese agreement on Tibet
Mongolian Independence and the British: Twentieth-Century Geopolitical Notes
The border that passes between autonomy and independence is repeated today in the space of confrontation between the Central Tibetan Administration and the Government of China.
London and Mongolian Independence
In the early 20th Century, Outer Mongolia, freed from the yoke of the Ch’ing Empire, reopened the geopolitical confrontation of Britain and Russia, particularly in Tibet.
The End of the Manchu Dynasty and Tibetan Independence
The collapse of the empire and an adult Dalai Lama were two conditions which, when combined, gave Tibet the possibility of achieving independence.
New Book – Mongolian Independence and the British: Geopolitics and Diplomacy in High Asia, 1911–1916
Utilising archival documents, this book focuses on High Asian diplomatic, geopolitical and trade issues from the point of view of the British.
Mongolian Independence and the British: At the End of the Great Game
For Imperial Britain, the framework of High Asia between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century hinged primarily on strategic and defensive issues.
