Canadian intelligence reached its sophistication as result of the Gouzenko Affair, which triggered a ramp up of counter-espionage and Signals Intelligence capabilities.
The counter-terrorism measures implemented by the French Government after the 2015 attacks have largely failed to meet the challenges of current international terrorism.
Despite the presence of protections in international and domestic law, a woman’s right to education and access to water remains unfulfilled in Ghana and South Africa.
Despite their widespread usage through the UN Security Council, targeted sanctions regimes fail to effectively impair the capacity of the targeted entity.
Defying other states, China is acting like a normal emerging power, playing the geopolitical game and inevitably growing its influence on the African continent.
Although malicious cyber offenses are, and will remain, threats, the concepts of militarization, militarism and war, are of limited value for understanding cyberwar.
Terrorists can, in certain theoretical cases, be considered freedom fighters through Just War Theory. However, it is doubtful this threshold is ever reached in practice.
Canada’s inability to improve UNPROFOR operations in Yugoslavia resulted from an interaction between an inconsistent foreign policy and a changed international system.
Rape as a weapon of war is deeply constrained by mainstream IR analyses, so to re-conceptualize the concept feminist, post-colonial and decolonial theories are needed.
The UN’s attempts to maintain the peace process in eastern Congo proved mainly ineffective because it failed to identify and engage with key spoilers.
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