Proponents of liberalism will usually view liberalism as anti-corruption. History suggests something more complex – liberalism’s relationship to corruption is ambiguous.
Defining democracy requires a minimal core conception of democracy which allows for ‘thicker’ definitions that avoid ethnocentric and hegemonic conceptions of democracy.
Whilst there can be no universally satisfactory formulation of ‘Islamic Democracy’, there are numerous Muslim approaches to democracy (some conciliatory, others not).
The WTO undermines international environmental rules. Yet, the WTO’s decisions comply with the mandates for which it operates which do not cover environmental protection.
Rapidly rising international food prices caused the urban middle class to experience acute food insecurity, which is linked to the unrest resulting in the Arab Spring.
Economic sanctions fail in most of their major ambitions, and their ethical justifications are based on a distorted form of consequentialist ethics.
The framing of immigration in Italian media takes a security, military or economic shape. This problematically ‘others’ & delegitimises those immigrants.
Neo-liberalism in the self-proclaimed guise of an eutopia allows violence against other utopias, thus validating the very concerns espoused by classical liberal scholars.
Security is best seen as an ‘essentially contested concept’ because a universalised, fixed, and static definition is inconsistent with how its meaning changes in context.
Taking Turkey and Egypt as two conflicting examples, the issue of whether the state precedes the nation is illuminated in its multi-varied and complex nature.
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