For the Russians, the Agreement did not come into conflict with the status of Outer Mongolia defined with the Chinese in 1913, because Urga was autonomous in terms of internal administration and commercial and industrial matters.
In 1914, the British and Tibetans signed the Simla Convention recognizing Chinese suzerainty over Outer Tibet, but also the full autonomy for internal matters of the Tibetan government. The Chinese refused to sign the Convention.
The border that passes between autonomy and independence is repeated today in the space of confrontation between the Central Tibetan Administration and the Government of China.
In the early 20th Century, Outer Mongolia, freed from the yoke of the Ch’ing Empire, reopened the geopolitical confrontation of Britain and Russia, particularly in Tibet.
The collapse of the empire and an adult Dalai Lama were two conditions which, when combined, gave Tibet the possibility of achieving independence.
Utilising archival documents, this book focuses on High Asian diplomatic, geopolitical and trade issues from the point of view of the British.
For Imperial Britain, the framework of High Asia between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century hinged primarily on strategic and defensive issues.
From times of empire to the current Brexit fiasco, it has been the lower parts of society that pay for the mistakes of the elites – and yet it is also the latter who make history.
The story of Halford Mackinder’s electoral misadventure helps illuminate the ideological context in which geopolitics emerged and the purposes to which it was put.
Gabriel Passetti highlights the historic role of the British Empire in Latin America and New Zealand, and inter-American relations from the 19th century to the present day.
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