History is not only written by the victors but also rewritten, time and time again. A look at a few exemplifying events in the history of Ireland demonstrates how this process can occur.
The West’s democracy promotion has achieved an outcome antithetical to its purpose: an increase in the violence of and destabilization within low-income and conflict-affected states.
When the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was negotiated between Canada, the United States, and Mexico, Chapter 11 of the treaty was included to protect investors from state appropriation or ‘taking’ and, in theory, requires that the same treatment be given to foreign companies as domestic companies. In American law, the Fifth Amendment to the Bill of Rights prevents the government from seizing private assets without due compensation. A ‘taking’, also referred to as eminent domain in Californian law, is a legal principle that governs how and why the federal, state, or local government can ‘take’ private property.
The decision by the United Nations to partition Palestine in 1947 was a major watershed in Middle Eastern history. Not only did it lead to the creation of the state of Israel, a Zionist aim since the eighteenth century, but it set in stone a conflict which still to this day remains unresolved.Although the decision aimed to appease both Jews and Arabs, who laid differing ideological claims to the same territory and, as James L. Ilsley stated, was the ‘best of four unattractive and difficult alternatives,’ it failed.
This essay focusses on the Russian energy sector and the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT). These issues reflect Russia’s struggle with liberalization, necessary for increasing revenues and sustaining economic growth. The analysis demonstrates that Russia takes its internal security seriously in word and deed but challenges to economic stability remain.
A pragmatic approach to Just War Theory is necessary where jus ad bellum is changing, and the blurring of real world situations makes it difficult to decide where jus ad bellum justice lies.
In October 1917, the Bolshevik Party staged the first communist revolution in history. With this, the new Russian leadership removed Russia from the Great War and began to put into action its ideological ideas for world revolution. In 1919 the Third Communist International (Comintern) was established with the role of exporting the revolution and creating, a ‘World Federative Republic of Soviets’ which was seen as crucial for the survival of the Russian soviet state. Despite this, and the economic problems of the interwar years, the only other country to witness a communist revolution before the Second World War was Outer Mongolia (and briefly, Hungary).
Even if international politics granted a political union between the two Koreas, the domestic conditions in South Korea cannot sustain the successful implementation of a reunification.
The importance of the Washington Consensus as a symbol of modernity addresses the question of how its discourse was rejected by other identities, especially in the Middle East.
By concentrating on the struggles of Copperbelt mineworkers, their resistance to neoliberal domination in Zambia be understood and reaffirmed.
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