The end of the Cold War accelerated the widespread realisation that human action, particularly that associated with conflict and industry, had broadly comprised the environmental component of security. The discourse to redefine security to include a wider variety of issues catapulted concepts of threats that target the individual rather than exclusively state-centric to the fore; human security declared that people and communities should be the referent of security. The United Nations expanded the definition of human security to include the impact of environmental degradation: That to be secure, individuals should have access to non-degraded land, clean air and fresh water.
With Trident up for renewal and the replacement looking more than likely to be of United States origin, the ‘poodle’ theory seems unlikely to be dismissed. But is it fair to argue that, in acquiring a replacement for Trident from the United States, Britain’s role as America’s ‘poodle’ will be perpetuated or should Britain look to move from the role of loyal chorus to that of candid friend?
In the “Changing Structure of International Law” Friedmann begins by considering the main changes that have taken place in international law: its vertical extension to new fields such as economic collaboration and welfare, its horizontal expansion to take in all the civilizations and cultures of the world as well as the influence of various ideologies.
The restraints supposedly placed on social democracy by globalisation are misconceived and damaging. It has a future in the international economy, but the terms of the debate must be reconsidered.
Lasting peace in a time where all-out thermonuclear war is a constant possibility requires better solutions to the most pressing security issues.
The EU is a modern political phenomenon that has risen out of the social, historical and economic context of the 20th century. It is a political system which is unique in comparison to all others. Although it has traits that bear resemblance to the political systems of federal states as well as intergovernmental organisations, it remains one of a kind.
Bull’s conception of diplomacy is constitutive of international society and its constituent rules, norms and conventions – which have been shaped by institutions.
Rogue Banking practices are subtle but highly consequential fiscal transactions that have tangible affects on the global economic and political landscape.
The UN, while far from flawless, is of paramount importance and relevance for maintaining national security and the worldwide protection of human rights.
Peace Studies has evolved beyond traditional IR theories. Acknowledging a wider global security agenda, it is a highly valuable discipline in the 21st century.
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